Stroke
A stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when there is a sudden disruption in the blood flow to the brain, leading to the death of brain cells. This disruption can be caused by either a blockage (ischemic stroke) or a rupture (hemorrhagic stroke) of blood vessels in the brain.
Types of Stroke:
Ischemic Stroke: This is the most common type, accounting for about 80% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood clot blocks or narrows an artery leading to the brain, resulting in reduced blood flow. This blockage can be caused by atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in blood vessels) or a blood clot that travels to the brain from another part of the body (embolism).
Hemorrhagic Stroke: This occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, leading to bleeding inside or around the brain. This can be caused by conditions such as high blood pressure, aneurysms, or arteriovenous malformations.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): Often called a “mini-stroke,” a TIA is a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain that causes stroke-like symptoms but does not result in permanent brain damage. TIAs are often warning signs for a full stroke.
Symptoms of Stroke:
Symptoms can vary depending on the area of the brain affected, but common signs include:
- Sudden numbness or weakness, particularly on one side of the body (face, arm, or leg).
- Confusion or trouble speaking or understanding speech.
- Difficulty seeing in one or both eyes.
- Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance and coordination.
- Severe headache with no known cause, especially in hemorrhagic strokes.
Risk Factors:
- High blood pressure: The leading risk factor for stroke.
- Heart disease: Including atrial fibrillation and previous heart attacks.
- Diabetes: Increases the risk of stroke due to its effects on blood vessels.
- High cholesterol: Can lead to the buildup of plaque in blood vessels.
- Smoking: Damages blood vessels and increases clot formation.
- Obesity and poor diet: Contribute to high blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol issues.
- Family history and age: A family history of stroke or age over 55 increases the risk.
