Migraine
A migraine is a type of headache characterized by severe, recurring pain, typically on one side of the head. It is often accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and increased sensitivity to light, sound, or smells. The pain is usually throbbing or pulsing and can last for hours or even days.
The exact cause of migraines is not fully understood, but they are believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Migraines are thought to involve changes in brain chemistry and the dilation of blood vessels in the brain, which may trigger the pain. They are often linked to certain triggers such as stress, hormonal changes, certain foods (like chocolate, cheese, or caffeine), weather changes, bright lights, or strong smells.
Migraine attacks can be classified into different phases:
- Prodrome: This phase occurs a day or two before the headache, with symptoms like mood changes, food cravings, fatigue, or neck stiffness.
- Aura: About 25% of people with migraines experience an aura, which includes visual disturbances such as flashing lights, blind spots, or zigzag lines.
- Attack: The headache itself, which can last from a few hours to several days.
- Postdrome: After the headache subsides, individuals may feel drained, confused, or have mild sensitivity to light and sound.
Treatment for migraines includes medications such as pain relievers (NSAIDs), triptans (a class of drugs that constrict blood vessels), and anti-nausea drugs. Preventive treatments, like beta-blockers, antidepressants, or lifestyle changes (stress management, proper sleep, and diet), may be used for frequent migraine sufferers. Identifying and avoiding triggers can also help manage the condition.
